Product keyword: tin ores
Product colour:black
Brand name:Sn
Type: Tin does not
occur naturally by itself, and must be extracted from a base compound, usually
cassiterite (SnO2). Cassiterite is the only commercially important
source of tin, although small quantities of tin are recovered from complex sulfides such as stannite, cylindrite,
franckeite,
canfieldite,
and teallite.
Minerals with tin are almost always in association with granite rock,
which,when they contain the mineral, have a 1% tin oxide content.
Chemical composition:Sn
Moisture level:10%>=
Size:100mm>=
Shape: lump
Listing
sdsxcrption
Tin is a chemical
element with the symbol Sn (Latin:
Stannum) and atomic number 50. It is a main group metal in group 14 of
the periodic table. Tin shows chemical
similarity to both neighboring group 14 elements, germanium and
lead, like the two
possible oxidation states +2 and +4. Tin is the 49th most abundant element and
has, with 10 stable isotopes, the largest number of stable isotopes in the
periodic table. Tin is obtained chiefly from the mineral cassiterite,
where it occurs as tin dioxide, SnO2.Sdtal sxcrption
This silvery, malleable poor metal is not easily oxidized in
air and is used to coat other metals to prevent corrosion.
The first alloy
used in large scale since 3000 BC was bronze, an alloy of
tin and copper.
After 600 BC pure metallic tin was produced. Pewter, which is an
alloy of 85% to 90% tin with the remainder commonly consisting of copper, antimony and
lead, was used for flatware from the Bronze Age
until the 20th century. In modern times tin is used in many alloys, most
notably tin/lead soft solders, typically containing 60% or more of tin. Another
large application for tin is corrosion-resistant tin plating
of steel. Because of its low toxicity, tin-plated metal is also used for food
packaging, giving the name to tin cans,
Characteristics
Tin
is a malleable,
ductile, and
highly crystalline
silvery-white metal.
When a bar of tin is bent, a crackling sound known as the tin cry
can be heard due to the twinning of the crystals.[2]
β-tin(the
metallic form), which exists at room temperature and hotter, is malleable;
while the α-tin(nonmetallic form), formed when tin is cooled below
13.2 °C, is brittle.
It has a diamond cubic crystal
structure, similar to diamond, silicon or germanium. α-tin has no metallic properties at all. It is a
dull-gray powdery material with no common uses, other than a few specialized semiconductor
applications.[2]
These two allotropes,
α-tin and β-tin, are more commonly known as gray tin and white tin,
respectively. Two more allotropes, γ and σ, exist at temperatures above
161 °C and pressures above several GPa.[3]
Although the α-β transformation temperature is nominally 13.2 °C,
impurities (e.g. Al, Zn, etc.) lower the transition temperature well below
0 °C, and upon addition of Sb or Bi the transformation may not occur at
all, increasing the durability of the tin.[4]
Chemical properties
Tin
resists corrosion from distilled, sea and soft tap water,
but can be attacked by strong acids, alkalis, and acid salts. Tin can be highly polished and is used as a
protective coat for other metals in order to prevent corrosion or other
chemical action. Tin acts as a catalyst when oxygen is in solution and helps accelerate chemical attack.[2]
Creation
Tin
is created via the long S-process in low-medium mass stars (.6 -> 10 solar
masses). This takes thousands of years to do. It requires an Indium atom to
capture a neutron
and then undergo Beta decay.
Compounds and Chemistry
Tin
forms the dioxide SnO2 (cassiterite) when it is heated in the
presence of air. SnO2
is amphoteric
and forms stannate
(SnO32−) salts with bases and tin(IV) salts with acids.
There are also stannates with the structure [Sn(OH)6]2−,
like K2[Sn(OH)6], although the free stannic acid H2[Sn(OH)6]
is unknown.
Occurrence
Tin
is the 49th most abundant element in the Earth's crust, representing 2 ppm
compared with 75 ppm for zinc, 50 ppm for copper, and 14 ppm for
lead.[26]
Tin
does not occur naturally by itself, and must be extracted from a base compound,
usually cassiterite (SnO2). Cassiterite is the only commercially
important source of tin, although small quantities of tin are recovered from
complex sulfides
such as stannite,
cylindrite,
franckeite,
canfieldite,
and teallite.
Minerals with tin are almost always in association with granite rock,
which, when they contain the mineral, have a 1% tin oxide content.[27]
Because
of the higher specific gravity of tin dioxide, about 80% of mined tin is from
secondary deposits found downstream from the primary lodes. Tin is often
recovered from granules washed downstream in the past and deposited in valleys
or under sea. The most economical ways of mining tin are through dredging,
hydraulic methods or open cast mining. Most of the world's
tin is produced from placer deposits, which may contain as little as
0.015% tin.
Production
Tin
is produced by reducing the ore with coal
in a reverberatory furnace.
Mining and smelting
In
2006, total worldwide tin mine production was 321,000 tons, and smelter
production was 340,000 tons. From its production level of 186,300 tons in 1991,
around where it had hovered for the previous decades, production of tin
increased 89% to 351,800 tons in 2005. Most of the increase came from China and
Indonesia, with the largest spike in 2004–2005, when it increased 23%. While in
the 1970s Malaysia was the largest producer, with around a third of world
production, it has steadily fallen, and now remains a major smelter and market
center. In 2007, the People's Republic of China was the
largest producer of tin, where the tin deposits are concentrated in the
southeast Yunnan tin belt,[33]
with 43% of the world's share, followed by Indonesia,
with an almost equal share, and Peru at a distant third, reports the USGS.[32]
The
table below shows the countries with the largest mine production and the
largest smelter output.[note
2]
|
Mine and smelter production
(tons), 2006[34]
|
||
|
Country
 |
Mine production
|
Smelter production
|
|
114,300
|
129,400
|
|
|
117,500
|
80,933
|
|
|
38,470
|
40,495
|
|
|
17,669
|
13,500
|
|
|
225
|
27,540
|
|
|
2,398
|
23,000
|
|
|
0
|
8,000
|
|
|
5,000
|
5,500
|
|
|
15,000
|
0
|
|
After
the discovery of tin in what is now Bisie, North Kivu in the Democratic Republic of Congo in 2002,
illegal production has increased there to around 15,000 tons.[35]
This is largely fueling the ongoing and recent conflicts there, as well as
affecting international markets.
Applications
In
2006, about half of tin produced was used in solder. The rest was divided
between tin plating, tin chemicals, brass and bronze, and other uses. See graph
at right.[38]
Metal or alloy
Tin
is used by itself, or in combination with other elements for a wide variety of
useful alloys. Tin is most commonly alloyed with copper. Pewter is 85–99%
tin;[39]
Babbitt
metal has a high percentage of tin as well.[40][41]
Bronze is mostly copper (12% tin), while addition of phosphorus gives phosphor
bronze. Bell
metal is also a copper-tin alloy, containing 22% tin.
Tin
bonds readily to iron,
and is used for coating lead
or zinc and steel to prevent corrosion. Tin-plated
steel containers are widely used for food preservation, and this forms a
large part of the market for metallic tin. A tinplate canister for preserving
food was first manufactured in London in 1812. Speakers of British English call
them "tins"; Americans call them "cans" or
"tin cans". One thus-derived use of the slang term "tinnie" or
"tinny" means "can of beer". The tin whistle
is so called because it was first mass-produced in tin-plated steel.
Window
glass is most often made via floating molten glass on top of
molten tin (creating float glass) in order to make a flat surface (this is
called the "Pilkington process").[42]
Most
metal pipes in a pipe organ are made of varying amounts of a tin/lead
alloy, with 50%/50% being the most common. The amount of tin in the pipe
defines the pipe's tone, since tin is the most tonally resonant of all metals.
When a tin/lead alloy cools, the lead cools slightly faster and makes a mottled
or spotted effect. This metal alloy is referred to as spotted metal.[43][44]
Tin
foil was once a common wrapping
material for foods and drugs; replaced in the early 20th century by
the use of aluminium foil, which is now commonly referred to as
tin foil. Hence one use of the slang term "tinnie" or
"tinny" for a small pipe for use of a drug such as cannabis or for a can of beer.
Tin
becomes a superconductor below 3.72 K.[45]
In fact, tin was one of the first superconductors to be studied; the Meissner
effect, one of the characteristic features of superconductors, was first
discovered in superconducting tin crystals.[46]
The niobium-tin
compound Nb3Sn
is commercially used as wires for superconducting magnets, due to the
material's high critical temperature (18 K) and critical
magnetic field (25 T). A superconducting magnet weighing only a
couple of kilograms
is capable of producing magnetic fields comparable to a conventional electromagnet
weighing tons.
Solder
Tin
has long been used as a solder in the form of an alloy with lead, tin comprising 5 to
70% w/w. Tin forms a eutectic mixture with lead containing 63% tin and 37%
lead. Such solders are primarily used for solders for joining pipes or electric
circuits. Since the European Union Waste Electrical
and Electronic Equipment Directive (WEEED) and Restriction of Hazardous
Substances Directive (RoHS) came into effect on 1 July 2006, the use of
lead in such alloys has decreased. Replacing lead has many problems, including
a higher melting point, and the formation of tin
whiskers causing electrical problems. Replacement alloys are rapidly being
found, however.[47]
Organotin compounds
Organotin
compounds have the widest range of uses of all main-group organometallic compounds,
with an annual worldwide industrial production of probably exceeding 50,000 tonnes. Their major
application is in the stabilization of halogenated PVC plastics, which would
otherwise rapidly degrade under heat, light, and atmospheric oxygen, to give
discolored, brittle products. It is believed that the tin scavenges labile
chlorine ions (Cl-), which would otherwise initiate loss of HCl from
the plastic material.[25]
Packaging
details
We usually bag ores in 50kg,100kg,150kg and 200kgs
depending on specifications. Now for a 50kg bagged ore it will contain 480 bags
for a 20ft container,610 bags for a 40ft container, 642 and 674 bags for a 48ft and 53ft containers
respectively. For a 100kg bagged ore we
have 240 bags for a 20ft container, 305 bags for a 40ft container,329
bags for 48ft and 344 bags for a 53ft container. However, the
best method to transport ores such as iron is through ship loads such as in
25000 ,50000, tones and so on, because through this way the transporting is
less cumbersome and one can transport more materials at a given time.
PRICE
$21.198/KG
For more information:
mobile: +2348039721941
contact person: emeaba uche
e-mail: emeabau@yahoo.com
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